P&H HC: Eyewitness Account Not Credible if Eyewitness Directly Identifies Accused in Court  ||  Delhi HC: Conditions u/s 45 PMLA Have to Give Way to Article 21 When Accused Incarcerated for Long  ||  Delhi High Court: Delhi Police to Add Grounds of Arrest in Arrest Memo  ||  Kerala High Court: Giving Seniority on the Basis of Rules is a Policy Decision  ||  Del. HC: Where Arbitrator has Taken Plausible View, Court Cannot Interfere u/s 34 of A&C Act  ||  Ker. HC: No Question of Estoppel Against Party Where Error is Committed by Court Itself  ||  Supreme Court: Revenue Entries are Admissible as Evidence of Possession  ||  SC: Mere Breakup of Relationship Between Consenting Couple Can’t Result in Criminal Proceedings  ||  SC: Bar u/s 195 CrPC Not Attracted Where Proceedings Initiated Pursuant to Judicial Order  ||  NTF Gives Comprehensive Suggestions on Enhancing Better Working Conditions of Medical Professions    

Search Results for Tag : Quashing of

News

SC Orders NLSIU to Conduct Admissions Through CLAT 2020(21.09.2020)

Supreme Court has quashed the conduct of National Law School of India University’s separate entrance exam, National Law Aptitude Test, 2020 (NLAT 2020.....

Tags : Supreme Court, Quashing of NLAT 2020



MP HC Quashes Detention Order on Ground of Not Informing Detenu of Right of Representation(10.09.2021)

Madhya Pradesh High Court has quashed a detention order on the ground that it did not contain a stipulation informing the detenue about his right to p.....

Tags : Madhya Pradesh High Court, Quashing of Detention Order



Bombay HC Dismisses Application Filed by Jafar Ali Sher Ali Sayyad Seeking Quashing of FIR(13.09.2021)

Bombay High Court has dismissed an Application filed by one Jafar Ali Sher Ali Sayyad, seeking to quash a First Information Report registered against .....

Tags : Bombay High Court, Quashing of FIR



Calcutta HC: Petition U/s 482 CrPC To Quash Domestic Violence Proceedings Maintainable(01.10.2021)

Calcutta High Court has had the opportunity to expound in detail on the question whether an order passed by a Magistrate in a proceeding under Section.....

Tags : Calcutta High Court, Quashing of Domestic Violence Proceedings



Delhi HC Refuses to Quash Rape Case Where Accused and Complainant Settled(02.02.2021)

Delhi High Court has refused to quash a Rape Case on the basis of compromise entered into between the parties, wherein petitioner/accused and the resp.....

Tags : Delhi High Court, Quashing of Rape Case



Calcutta HC Allows Batch of Writ Petitions Seeking Quashing of Re-assessment Notices(18.01.2022)

Calcutta High Court has allowed a batch of writ petitions seeking quashing of impugned re-assessment notices issued post March 31, 2021 by the concern.....

Tags : Calcutta High Court, Quashing of Re-assessment Notices



Delhi High Court Denies Quashing of FIR Against Rape Accused(10.01.2022)

Delhi High Court has refused to quash an FIR containing allegations of rape against a Government Servant. The court has observed that such an FIR cann.....

Tags : Delhi High Court, Rape, Quashing Of FIR



Orissa High Court Quashes FIR Considering Inaction To Conclude Investigation For Long 15 Years(10.01.2022)

Orissa High Court quashed the FIR and the consequent proceedings taking into account the inaction of the investigating agency to conclude the investig.....

Tags : Orissa High Court, Quashing Of FIR, Criminal Intimidation



Delhi HC Issues Notice in Police Officer's Plea Seeking Quashing of FIR Under SC/ST Act(16.04.2020)

Delhi High Court has issued notice in a plea moved by a police officer seeking quashing of a First Information Report (FIR) against him which was regi.....

Tags : Delhi High Court, Police Officer's Plea Seeking Quashing of FIR Under SC/ST Act



Bombay HC Allows Quashing of Rape Case(15.04.2019)

Bombay High Court has allowed quashing of an FIR under Section 376 of Indian Penal Code (IPC), which deals with rape, after the complainant submitted .....

Tags : Bombay High Court, Quashing of Rape Case



Punjab & Haryana HC: No Compromise with Dead Man, FIR u/s 306 IPC Can't Be Quashed on Compromise(04.04.2022)

Punjab and Haryana High Court has dismissed the petition which seeks quashing of a First Information Report under Section 306 Indian Penal Code, 1860 .....

Tags : Punjab and Haryana High Court, quashing of an FIR, Section 306 Indian Penal Code, 1860, compromise



Patna HC Denies Anticipatory Bail to Former VC of Magadh University, Dismisses Plea to Quash FIR(27.05.2022)

Patna High Court has dismissed the plea to quash the FIR registered against former Vice Chancellor (VC) of Magadh University Dr. Rajendra Prasad. The .....

Tags : Patna High Court, Anticipatory Bail, Quashing of FIR



SC Criticizes ‘Cyclostyled Manner’ of Quashing FIRs, Direct to Follow Arnesh Kumar’s Guidelines(03.06.2022)

Supreme Court while showing displeasure has stated that the matters pertaining to quashing of FIR were disposed in ‘Cyclostyled’ manner by Uttarakhand.....

Tags : Supreme Court, Quashing of FIR, Cyclostyled



Judgments

A cognizance can be quashed only when uncontroverted allegations made in F.I.R or complaint do not disclose commission of any offence(19.02.2018)

Present is an application under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) with a prayer to quash the criminal proceeding wherein the .....

Tags : Cognizance, Quashing of, Grant



When sender has dispatched notice by post with correct address, then it can be deemed to have been served upon the sendee(19.04.2018)

The Applicant, through present application moved under Section 482 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC), has invoked the inherent jurisdiction o.....

Tags : Notice, Service, Proceedings, Quashing of



FIR cannot be quashed at the threshold itself without allowing the investigation to proceed(01.08.2018)

In present petition, the Petitioners crave the indulgence of present Court in quashing the FIR registered against them at Police Station. The complain.....

Tags : FIR, Quashing of, Entitlement



High Court had power to prevent abuse and quash confronted proceeding, if any attempt is made to abuse the authority(29.10.2018)

The present petition has been filed to set aside the order convicting Petitioner under Section 376, 323 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC), and the orde.....

Tags : Proceedings, Quashing of, Jurisdiction



FIR can only be quashed in order to prevent abuse of process of law or to otherwise secure the ends of justice(17.10.2018)

In the instant petition filed under Section 561-A of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC), the Petitioners seek quashment of FIR registered at Poli.....

Tags : FIR, Cognizance, Quashing of



Once there is a prima facie case in existence against Petitioner, his allegation of malafide are of no consequence(26.10.2018)

Instant is a petition invoking Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) for quashing of entire proceeding pending in case registered.....

Tags : FIR, Quashing of, Evidence



Case of demand of dowry must co-relate with marriage or pre-marriage stage and not every demand after marriage will come within purview of dowry(06.12.2018)

Present application under Section 482 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) has been filed to quash the proceeding of case under Sections 498A, 3.....

Tags : Dowry demand, Proceedings, Quashing of



Once Investigating Officer submitted final report on conclusion of investigation, High Court was not justified in interfering with criminal proceedings(22.01.2019)

In instant matter, the Appellant herein-original Complainant filed a Criminal Complaint against the private Respondents herein-the original Accused be.....

Tags : Proceedings, Quashing of, Validity



Mere fact of taking of cognizance in no way can be said to be "commencement of proceeding"(18.02.2019)

The Petitioner has moved the Court under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) for quashing the order passed by learned Sub-divis.....

Tags : Cognizance, Proceedings, Quashing of



If dismissal of complaint was not on merit, but on default of complainant, moving Magistrate again with a second complaint on same facts is maintainable(14.12.2018)

Present appeal is against the final judgment passed by the High Court allowing Criminal Original Petition filed under Section 482 Code of Criminal Pro.....

Tags : Proceedings, Quashing of, Validity



For wrongdoing of a Company, its officers may be responsible, but not to extent that all employees of a Company would be criminally liable(28.03.2019)

The Petitioner has moved the Court under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC). For quashing of the order of cognizance passed by.....

Tags : Proceedings, Quashing of, Validity



An FIR can be quashed, if accusations therein do not disclose a cognizance offence but constitutes only a non-cognizable offence(18.04.2018)

Present is a petition under Section 561-A of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) whereby Petitioner seeks quashing of FIR registered against him i.....

Tags : FIR, Investigation, Quashing of



Remedy available under Consumer Protection Act does not debar criminal action(14.03.2019)

Present petition has been preferred under Section 482 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) for quashment of impugned order whereby the applicati.....

Tags : Proceedings, Cognizance, Quashing of



Mere breach of contract cannot give rise to criminal prosecution for cheating unless fraudulent or dishonest intention is shown right at beginning of transaction(31.05.2018)

Present application under Section 482 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) has been filed for quashing the summoning order passed by Additional .....

Tags : Misappropriation, Proceedings, Quashing of



FIR or complaint can be quashed even in non-compoundable offences, if Court is satisfied that parties have settled disputes amicably(09.04.2019)

The present petition is maintained by the Petitioners under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) for quashing of FIR under Secti.....

Tags : Compromise deed, FIR, Quashing of



Persons who were in charge of and responsible for conduct of business of company at time of commission of offence are only liable for criminal action(06.06.2019)

The Petitioner is a employee of SIDBI Venture Capital Limited, which appointed the Petitioner as a nominee Director of the Avni Energy Solutions Priva.....

Tags : Proceedings, Quashing of



Mere show-cause notice or charge-sheet does not infringe the right of anyone, a writ petition lies when some right of any party is infringed(10.05.2019)

Present Original Application has been filed challenging the legality, validity and propriety of charge-sheet. The Applicant is also aggrieved by an or.....

Tags : Chargesheet, Quashing of, Entitlement



Vague and general allegations not enough to incriminate remote relatives of husband(04.06.2019)

The Applicants preferred present application under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) seeking relief to quash and set aside th.....

Tags : FIR, Proceedings, Quashing of



A second or successive FIR filed in connection with same or connected cognizable offence committed in course of same transaction is not maintainable(18.06.2019)

In facts of present case, the Respondent No. 2 had lodged an F.I.R. on 15th December, 2016 based on which, case was registered under Section 498(A) of.....

Tags : Second FIR, Proceedings, Quashing of



Cognizance can be taken only on a complaint made by Appropriate Authority concerned(16.07.2019)

Present appeal arises out of judgment passed by the High Court by which the High Court has quashed the summoning order issued against the Respondents .....

Tags : Cognizance, Proceedings, Quashing of



Powers to summon any witness can be invoked at any stage of inquiry or trial, if such evidence appears to the Court to be essential(09.08.2019)

The present criminal revision petition is filed under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) for quashing of order passed by learn.....

Tags : Witness, Summon, Proceedings, Quashing of



High Court has inherent power to quash criminal proceedings even in non-compoundable cases, where parties have settled matter between themselves(05.09.2019)

By way of instant petition filed under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC), a prayer has been made on behalf of the Petitioners.....

Tags : Settlement, Proceedings, Quashing of



If basic ingredients of offence alleged are altogether absent, it is open to High Court to quash criminal proceedings(31.07.2019)

Present appeal is against a judgment passed by the High Court dismissing Criminal Petition filed by the Appellant under Section 482 of the Code of Cri.....

Tags : Proceedings, Quashing of, Jurisdiction



Interim stay granted in respect of one pocket of land would operate even with respect to other pockets of land(04.09.2019)

The State of Maharashtra have preferred the present appeals against impugned judgments passed by the High Court, by which the High Court has quashed t.....

Tags : Award, Declaration, Proceedings, Quashing of



FIR as well as criminal proceedings can be quashed to prevent abuse of process of any Court, even in not compoundable cases, where parties have settled the matter(04.10.2019)

Present petition has been preferred under Section 482 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) for quashing of FIR registered under Sections 354(D) .....

Tags : FIR, Proceedings, Quashing of



High Court has inherent power to quash criminal proceedings even in the cases which are not compoundable but where parties have settled the matter between themselves(02.12.2019)

By way of present petitions filed under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) a prayer has been made on behalf of the Petitioner(.....

Tags : Complaint, Quashing of, Settlement, Parties



Mere fact of arbitration clause in agreement cannot prevent criminal prosecution against accused, if an act constituting a criminal offence is prima facie made out(17.01.2020)

In facts of present case, the complainant is a company conducting chitty business. Mr. M.L. George was the subscriber of four chitties conducted by th.....

Tags : Cheque bounce, Proceedings, Quashing of



Power under Section 482 of the CrPC cannot be exercised for upsetting concurrent findings of two courts below in absence of any perversity(13.03.2020)

The Petitioners have filed the present petition under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) with the prayers to allow the presen.....

Tags : Powers, Complaint, Quashing of



A Corporate Debtor would not be liable for any offence committed prior to commencement of CIRP and would not be prosecuted, if a resolution plan has been approved by Adjudicating Authority(13.03.2020)

The Petitioner has filed the present petition impugning an order, whereby the Trial Court had taken cognizance of the offences punishable under the Co.....

Tags : Complaint, Cognizance, Quashing of



Progress of the criminal law, once legitimately set in motion, should not be halted by judicial diktat, save in exceptional circumstances(06.05.2020)

Present writ petition, preferred under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) read with Article 226 of the Constitution of India, .....

Tags : Proceedings, Quashing of, Entitlement



High Court has inherent power to quash criminal proceedings even in cases which are not compoundable and where the parties have settled the matter between themselves(04.08.2020)

By way of present petition filed under Section 482 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC), prayer has been made on behalf of the Petitioner for qu.....

Tags : FIR, Compromise, Quashing of



Mere storage cannot be construed as an attempt to commit an offence under Section 328 of IPC(13.09.2019)

The Petitioners, who are arraigned as accused in FIR registered for the offences punishable under Sections 179, 188, 273 and 328 of the Indian Penal C.....

Tags : FIR, Proceedings, Quashing of



Power to arrest a person by a customs officer is statutory in character and cannot be interfered with(14.09.2020)

Present is a petition filed under Section 482 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 193 (CrPC). The Petitioner is the 3rd accused for allegedly committing an.....

Tags : Smuggling, Proceedings, Quashing of



When product has the necessary barcode on it containing all the relevant information, there is no violation of Regulations(04.09.2020)

In present matter, the Appellant questions his prosecution under Rule 32(e) of the Prevention of Food Adulteration Rules, 1955 framed under the Preven.....

Tags : Barcode, Proceedings, Quashing of



Magistrate can order registration of FIR under Section 156(3) of CrPC for offences under Mines And Minerals Act as bar under Section 22 of MMDR Act is not attracted(03.12.2020)

Present appeals are against impugned common judgment and order of High Court dismissing the applications filed under Section 482 of Code of Criminal P.....

Tags : Cognizance, FIR, Quashing of



Investigation and arrest under Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 has to be conducted by Special Police Officer authorized in that behalf(27.11.2020)

Petition has been filed under Section 482 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) to quash all further proceedings against the Petitioner/first acc.....

Tags : Jurisdiction, Proceedings, Quashing of



Holding peaceful processions, raising slogans cannot be considered as an offence under Constitution of India, 1950(22.02.2021)

The Petitioner, who is an Advocate and member of the Shimla District Courts Bar Association, has come up before present Court seeking quashing of FIR,.....

Tags : Peaceful processions, FIR, Quashing of



When disputed questions of facts are involved which need to be adjudicated after parties adduce evidence, complaint under Section 138 of NI Act ought not to be quashed(06.04.2021)

The complainant filed a complaint under Sections 138/141/142 of Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (NI Act) before the learned trial Court for remedies .....

Tags : Complaint, Quashing of, Entitlement



Offence under Section 307 of IPC is a crime against the society and so proceedings under the same cannot be quashed only on the ground of compromise(20.09.2021)

The present petition was filed under Section 482 of code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C) for quashing FIR registered for offences under Sections .....

Tags : Crime of serious nature, Quashing of proceedings, Compromise



Court, in exercise of its jurisdiction under Section 482 of CrPC cannot go into the allegations made in the complaint or delve into the disputed question of facts(13.04.2022)

The present petition under Section 482 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) has been filed by the Petitioner for quashing the Criminal Complaint.....

Tags : Complaint, Proceedings, Quashing of



An emoji is sent to express ones feeling about something, it cannot be treated as an overt act on others.(05.06.2018)

In facts of present case, all the Petitioners are working in BSNL Department and the Second Respondent/de-facto complainant is also in BSNL Department.....

Tags : Cognizance, FIR, Quashing of



High Court should not exercise its jurisdiction under Section 482 of CrPC to quash the charges of rape on ground that parties have entered into a compromise(05.04.2022)

The present petition has been filed by the Petitioner under Article 226 of the Constitution of India read with Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Pro.....

Tags : FIR, Proceedings, Quashing of



No mini trial can be conducted by the High Court in exercise of powers under Section 482 of CrPC(11.07.2022)

In present matter, State of U.P. as well as the original informant have preferred the present appeals dissatisfied with the impugned judgment passed b.....

Tags : Mini trial, Proceedings, Quashing of



Specific role of the accused is not required in granting prior approval under Section 24(1)(a) of the Act, 2000, if material collected by the Investigating Agency reveals close nexus with the accused(21.10.2021)

Present appeals emanate from the judgment passed by the High Court whereby the High Court partly allowed the writ petition and quashed the order issue.....

Tags : Chargesheet, Quashing of, Legality



Writ jurisdiction is a discretionary remedy which should be sparingly exercised(24.08.2022)

In facts of present case, the Petitioner approached this Court seeking issuance of a writ of certiorari for quashing the Charge Memorandum dated 13th .....

Tags : Charge Memorandum, Proceedings, Quashing of



FIR cannot be quashed at the early stage when even a draft charge-sheet has not been submitted to the Magistrate(22.08.2022)

The present petition has been filed by the Petitioner seeking quashing of FIR registered under Sections 376, 377, 323 and 34 of the Indian Penal Code,.....

Tags : FIR, Proceedings, Quashing of



Without specific allegations in the complaint reflecting the role of the accused, the persons named cannot be summoned in case under Section 138 of NI Act(08.08.2022)

The Respondents had filed the complaints under Section 138 read with Section 141 of the Negotiable Instrument Act, 1985 (N.I. Act) against Pantel Tech.....

Tags : Complaint, Proceedings, Quashing of



For quashing of complaint, it must be shown that no offence is made out against the Director or Partner(16.09.2022)

Present appeal is at the instance of the original complainant of a complaint filed under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (“the NI .....

Tags : Proceedings, Quashing of, Legality



Cases arising out of matrimonial differences should be put to quietus, if the parties have arrived upon a genuine settlement(17.04.2023)

The present petition has been filed seeking quashing of FIR under Sections 498A/406/34 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC). The marriage between Petition.....

Tags : Settlement, FIR, Quashing of



Cases arising out of matrimonial differences should be put to quietus, if the parties have arrived upon a genuine settlement(17.04.2023)

The present petition has been filed seeking quashing of FIR under Sections 498A/406/34 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC). The marriage between Petition.....

Tags : Settlement, FIR, Quashing of



Court has an inherent power to quash criminal proceedings even in non-compoundable matters, where parties have settled matter between themselves(22.09.2023)

Present petition has been filed under Section 482 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) seeking quashing of case FIR under Sections 420/34 of Ind.....

Tags : FIR, Quashing of, Settlement



Principle, ex proprio vigore, would be applicable to arbitrator and multi-member arbitral tribunal as well, particularly when it is faced with a judicial decision ordering a limited remand(19.10.2023)

Present appeal, at the instance of Appellant, registers a challenge to the judgment passed by the High Court dismissing an appeal carried by the Appel.....

Tags : Arbitral award, Quashing of, Validity



Mere breach of contract, by one of the parties, would not attract prosecution for criminal offence in every case(12.03.2024)

The Appellants before present Court have challenged the order of the High Court by which their petition under Section 482 of Code of Criminal Procedur.....

Tags : Civil dispute, FIR, Quashing of



In frivolous proceedings, Court owes a duty to look into many other attending circumstances emerging from record of the case over and above the averments(03.07.2024)

Petitioners seek quashing of criminal proceedings qua them in Regular Criminal Case pending on the file of the Judicial Magistrate First Class, arisin.....

Tags : FIR, Vague allegation, Quashing of



A breach of a promise cannot be said to be a false promise(21.08.2019)

In present matter, the High Court dismissed an application under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC). The Appellant sought the .....

Tags : FIR, Registration, Quashing of



Magistrate can discharge the accused at any stage of the trial if he considers the charge to be groundless(10.06.2022)

The instant petition under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) has been filed on behalf of the petitioner seeking an order allo.....

Tags : Charges, Proceedings, Quashing of



Insult or Abuse of SC-ST Person within four walls of a house is not an offence under SC-ST Act(05.11.2020)

The challenge in the present appeal is to an order passed by the High Court whereby the petition filed by the Appellant under Section 482 of the Code .....

Tags : FIR, Charge-sheet, Quashing of



Section 499 of the IPC does not give absolute privilege to statements made in a Court of law in the judicial proceedings(10.03.2021)

Present petition is filed under Section 482 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C) by the accused for quashing complaint and all proceedings aga.....

Tags : Absolute privilege, Complaint, Quashing of



Complaint under Section 138 NI Act cannot be quashed when disputed question of facts are involved(10.02.2020)

Present appeals arise out of the impugned judgment passed by the High Court dismissing Criminal Miscellaneous Application thereby declining to quash t.....

Tags : FIR, Quashing of, Legality



FIR must disclose a cognizable offence has been committed. If that condition is satisfied, investigation must go on(12.07.2018)

The Petitioners are aggrieved by the registration of FIR against them in Police Station under Sections 406, 420 and 120B of the Indian Penal Code, 186.....

Tags : FIR, Registration, Quashing of



Existence of an arbitration clause does not debar the court from entertaining a writ petition(12.05.2021)

Present Petition under Article 136 of the Constitution of India, 1950 filed by the Petitioner (UPPTCL), is against a final Judgment passed by the High.....

Tags : Direction, Quashing of, Jurisdiction



A Court cannot interfere in the plausible view taken by the arbitrator which is supported by reasoning(11.05.2020)

In facts of present case, Appellant was awarded the work order dated 20th July, 1995 pursuant to a tender floated by the Respondent in 1994. The contr.....

Tags : Award, Quashing of, Legality



At stage of cognizance and summoning, merits of the case cannot be tested and it is impermissible for the Court to enter into the factual arena to adjudge the correctness of the allegations(21.09.2020)

Present application has been filed under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) to quash the Charge Sheet in Case Crime registered.....

Tags : Cognizance, Proceedings, Quashing of



Code of Criminal Procedure does not provide for reinvestigation. In a rare case, re-investigation can be ordered to meet ends of justice(27.08.2018)

The present petition is maintained by the Petitioner under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) for re-investigation in the FIR .....

Tags : FIR, Re-investigation, Quashing of



Disclaimer | Copyright 2024 - All Rights Reserved